Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Olfactometric Detection (GC-MS/O) is an analytical technique that combines chemical separation, molecular identification, and human sensory evaluation. In this method, gas chromatography separates volatile compounds, mass spectrometry identifies their molecular structures, and olfactometry allows a trained assessor to detect and describe odorous components in real-time. This technique is particularly relevant in the study of odours related to cultural heritage, as it helps identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from aged materials such as historical documents, textiles, paintings, and artefacts. By analysing these VOCs, conservators can assess degradation processes, authenticate artefacts, and develop preservation strategies while considering the sensory aspects of cultural objects. In addition, by combining scientific analysis with sensory perception, GC-MS/O enables researchers to reconstruct the olfactory past of cultural heritage, offering a deeper, multi-sensory understanding of historical artefacts.

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