Confocal XRF is an advanced analytical technique to be used in situ for the non-invasive characterization of samples with complex stratigraphy. It allows users to achieve in a short time the 1D elemental in-depth profiling or, with longer measurements, the 3D elemental mapping of multi-layered samples. Confocal XRF detected with high chemical sensitivity and with a spatial resolution in the micrometric scale, chemical elements from the object’s surface down to the object’s interior, over a thickness of few hundreds of microns. Confocal XRF is particularly suited for the characterization of paintings, ancient polychromies, inks, plated metals; and it can be used in many multidisciplinary applications including forensics, archaeology, art, conservation and restoration.